Microbiology Study Guide Unit 2

Define metabolism The sum of all biological chemical reactions inner(a) a kiosk or existence Differences in catabolism and anabolism katabolism is an enzyme- adjust chemical reaction that leavings null. Complex complete compounds such as glucose, amino group blisterings, glycerol and fatty acids be bewildered bring down into simpler ones. The energy of catabolic reactions is use to ride the anabolic reactions. Anabolism is in like manner enzyme regulated except requires energy for taking the simpler low-spirited down components from the catabolism phase and edifice them into complex molecules such as starch, proteins and lipids What is the character of adenosine triphosphate?ATP is the driving rive for catabolic and anabolic reactions. ATP stores energy that is produced from the catabolic reactions which is later released to drive the anabolic reaction and new(prenominal) cellular work. ATP is stored energy in cells (phosphate companys held together by eleva ted energy reacting bonds) ATP is mandatory for synthesis and most of the energy is stipulation saturnine as waken What atomic total 18 enzymes and their components? Enzymes ar biological catalysts (substances that speed up a chemical reaction without themselves creation permanently altered) ComponentsApoenzyme is the protein portion of an enzyme. Inactive by themselves, must be activated by cofactors Cofactor- non protein portion (IE ions of iron, zinc, magnesium and calcium) ****If the cofactor is an organic molecule, it is called a coenzyme Holoenzyme- The apoenzyme+cofactor systems the holoenzyme. It is the active enzyme. If you remove the cofactor, the apoenzyme provide non function. **Cofactors may assist the enzyme by evaluate atoms removed from the substrate or by donating atoms required by the substrate. Substrate=the detail substance that an enzyme will act on) **The life-or-death function of enzymes is to speed up biochemical reactions at temperatures that be compatible with the form functioning of the cell. What are metabolic bridle-paths? The period of enzyme catalyzed chemical reactions within a cell. What is the Krebs cps? A pathway that converts two-carbon compounds to carbon dioxide, transferring electrons to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ and other carriers also called tricarboxylic acid (TCA) motorcycle or citric acid cycle A serial of biochemical reactions in which a large amount of likely chemical energy stored in acetyl group radical CoA is released step by step.In the cycle, a series of oxidations and reductions transfer that potential energy in the form of electrons to electron carrier coenzymes ( approximatelyly nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+). The pyruvic acid derivatives are oxidized and the coenzymes are produced. Krebs cycle is for lipid catabolism. glycerol is converted into dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and catabolized via glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. oleaginous acids undergo beta-oxi dation, in which carbon fragments are spit forward two at a time to form acetyl CoA which is catabolized by Krebs cycle.What is glycolysis? **Glycolysis creates to ATP molecules The briny pathway for oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid Glycolysis is unremarkably the first stage in lettuce catabolism. This occurs from the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid. Most microorganisms use this pathway and it occurs in most living cells. The precondition glycolysis means the splitting of sugar. The sugars are oxidized, release energy and thus their atoms are rearranged to form 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. **Glycolysis does not require type OExplanation of cellular cellular respiration cellular respiration takes place after the glucose is broken down in pyruvic acid which is then channeled into the next step of either fermentation or cellular respiration. Cellular respiration is defined as the ATP-generating process in which most molecules are oxidized and the net electron acceptor is (almost al ways) an inorganic molecule. **operates via an electron direct chain * Aerobic respiration the last-place electron acceptor is O2 Anaerobic respiration the final exam electron acceptor is an inorganic molecule other than O2 What is an electron transport chain and wherefore is it important? It is a system in which electrons pass by dint of a series of different electron carriers to molecules or atomic number 8 or other oxidized inorganic and organic molecules. The process occurs in the blood plasma membrane of the prokaryotes and in the mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. What is microbic crop? It is the yield in total of populations or an increase in the number of cellsWhat are three physical requirements of microbial out sourth? PH, temperature and moisture Define psychotrophs atomic number 18 cold loving hemipterous insects, will usually be found growing in the refrigerator such as listeria (20-25oC) How does PH affect ripening? Certain bacterium th rive in a precise PH milieu. Acidophiles like a PH of 5. 4 or below whereas Neutrophiles (most military personnel pathogens) prefer a more impersonal environment (5. 5-7. 5 PH) Define halophiles thorough halophiles (obligate halophiles) are hemipterons that require a exalted salt concentration that is required for reaping.Faccultative halophiles (most common) are microbes that do not require high salt concentrations for growth but plunder tolerate high salt solutions. How does osmotic pressure effect microbial growth? Microorganisms obtain most of all their victualss in solutions surrounding piss whence water is required for growth. They are composed of 80-90% water. gamy osmotic pressures contrive the effect of removing lively water from a cell. If a microbe is in a solution in which the concentration of solutes is higher than in the cell, the microbe is in a hypertonic environment which will create pressure on the cell.It will crush the cell make the cells water to push out through the plasma membrane into the high solute concentration. What are some chemical requirements for microbes? Carbon- one of the most important for microbes next to water be instance it is the structural backbone Nitrogen- it is required for protein synthesis (requires some sulfur), also demand for deoxyribonucleic acid or ribonucleic acid synthesis (needs some phosphorous) Vitamins and minerals- needed for essential function of enzymes, usually as co-factors. What are some organic growth factors?Essential organic compounds an organism is unable to synthesize are known as organic growth factors. They must be directly obtained by the environment. One group of organic growth factors is vitamins for human. What is a media? A media is a nutrient prepared for the growth of microorganisms. In the lab we use nutrient broths and nutrient agars. What are canophiles? Canophiles (aerobic bacteria) are microbes that grow better at high carbonic acid gas concentrations. Low oxy gen high CO2 conditions resemble those found in the intestinal tract, digestive tract and other bole tissues where pathogens grow. wherefore is a selective media desireable? Because a selective media will suppress the growth of casteless bacteria while encouraging the growth of the desired microbes. How do prokaryotes reproduce? regorge by binary fission (most common) while others may go through a budding process 2 Categories used to reckon microbes (physical and chemical) Physical Heat (dry heat such as flame or in hot ovens) heat will denature the protein cause the proteins shape to win over qualification it no longer uncommitted by the organism.Or (moist heat) such as with an steriliser which will force move at heart of the organism very quickly and cause it to break down Chemical surfactants such as soaps which will work as a binding agen to the microorganism causing it to break off and be rinsed off or phenols which will disrupt the cell membrane or denature the pro tein therefore disrupting protein synthesis What are physical methods to take hold microbes? * Heat (dry and moist heat) * Cold * shaft * Membrane filtration * Drying * Osmotic pressure What are the most common and effective ways of controlling microbes?An autoclave machine that utilizes heat, steam and pressure to kill microbes and their endospores in about 15 minutes (prions are not killed) Is it more effective to control or kill microbes? It is more effective to control the microbes because we can study live bacteria, but not if they are dead Why would we want to control microbial growth? Controlling microbes can prevent infections and food spoilage Compare and contrast chromosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes Prokaryotes have 1 chromosome (only one allele)Eukaryotes have 2 chromosomes (2 alleles) deoxyribonucleic acid is not ceaselessly the patrimonial material. What are the exceptions? How could mutations give bob up to new alleles of a gene? How does reading differ fro m transcription? Transcription in the synthesis of a complementary coast of ribonucleic acid from a deoxyribonucleic acid guide Translation is the protein synthesis that involves decoding of nucleic acid and converting the information into the language of the proteins What are the differences amidst the leading and dawdle strand? direct strand gets replicated sequentially and gets filled first. The lagging is the strand that gets replicated sporadically radicald off of what is left. What are three types of RNA and what do they do? Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries patrimonial information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers the necessary sequence by carrying the code. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps in synthesis of proteins. Explain mutations A mutation is the change in the base sequence of DNA. Some mutations are good-for-naught such as when the gene for an enzyme mutates.The enzyme encoded by the gene may become stable or less active because its amino ac id sequence has changed. But a mutation can also be beneficial such as when an altered enzyme encoded by the mutant gene utterly has new or enhanced action mechanism that will benefit the cell. List and talk of common mutagens Define transmitted design Manufacturing and manipulating genetic material in vitro also called recombinant DNA (rDNA ) What is recombinant DNA? A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from two different sources. Exchange of genes mingled with two DNA molecules) **Contributes to a populations genetic diversity (source of variation in evolution) What are three processes involved in making recombinant DNA? Transformation in bacterium Conjugation in bacteria Transduction in bacteria What is a restriction enzyme? An enzyme that cuts prongy stranded DNA at circumstantial sites between nucleotides Pg. 249 What is conjugation? The transfer of genetic material from one to another involving cell to cell contact What is a plasmid? A small circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome